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'\" t .\" Title: ssp .\" Author: DJ Delorie .\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets vsnapshot .\" Date: 02/06/2025 .\" Manual: Cygwin Utilities .\" Source: Cygwin Utilities .\" Language: English .\" .TH "SSP" "1" "02/06/2025" "Cygwin Utilities" "Cygwin Utilities" .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" * Define some portability stuff .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673 .\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html .\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" * set default formatting .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" disable hyphenation .nh .\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only) .ad l .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE * .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .SH "NAME" ssp \- The Single Step Profiler .SH "SYNOPSIS" .HP \w'\fBssp\fR\ 'u \fBssp\fR [\-cdelstv] \fIlow_pc\fR \fIhigh_pc\fR \fIcommand\fR... .HP \w'\fBssp\fR\ 'u \fBssp\fR \-h | \-V .SH "OPTIONS" .sp .if n \{\ .RS 4 .\} .nf \-c, \-\-console\-trace trace every EIP value to the console\&. *Lots* slower\&. \-d, \-\-disable disable single\-stepping by default; use OutputDebugString ("ssp on") to enable stepping \-e, \-\-enable enable single\-stepping by default; use OutputDebugString ("ssp off") to disable stepping \-h, \-\-help output usage information and exit \-l, \-\-dll enable dll profiling\&. A chart of relative DLL usage is produced after the run\&. \-s, \-\-sub\-threads trace sub\-threads too\&. Dangerous if you have race conditions\&. \-t, \-\-trace\-eip trace every EIP value to a file TRACE\&.SSP\&. This gets big *fast*\&. \-v, \-\-verbose output verbose messages about debug events\&. \-V, \-\-version output version information and exit Example: ssp 0x401000 0x403000 hello\&.exe .fi .if n \{\ .RE .\} .SH "DESCRIPTION" .PP The SSP is a program that uses the Win32 debug API to run a program one ASM instruction at a time\&. It records the location of each instruction used, how many times that instruction is used, and all function calls\&. The results are saved in a format that is usable by the profiling program \fBgprof\fR, although \fBgprof\fR will claim the values are seconds, they really are instruction counts\&. More on that later\&. .PP (See also \fBprofiler\fR, another profiler that operates in a different fashion: IP sampling\&. This can provide a different view on your program\*(Aqs operation\&.) .PP Because the SSP was originally designed to profile the Cygwin DLL, it does not automatically select a block of code to report statistics on\&. You must specify the range of memory addresses to keep track of manually, but it\*(Aqs not hard to figure out what to specify\&. Use the "objdump" program to determine the bounds of the target\*(Aqs "\&.text" section\&. Let\*(Aqs say we\*(Aqre profiling cygwin1\&.dll\&. Make sure you\*(Aqve built it with debug symbols (else \fBgprof\fR won\*(Aqt run) and run objdump like this: .sp .if n \{\ .RS 4 .\} .nf $ objdump \-h cygwin1\&.dll .fi .if n \{\ .RE .\} .sp It will print a report like this: .sp .if n \{\ .RS 4 .\} .nf cygwin1\&.dll: file format pei\-i386 Sections: Idx Name Size VMA LMA File off Algn 0 \&.text 0007ea00 61001000 61001000 00000400 2**2 CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE, DATA 1 \&.data 00008000 61080000 61080000 0007ee00 2**2 CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA \&. \&. \&. .fi .if n \{\ .RE .\} .PP The only information we\*(Aqre concerned with are the VMA of the \&.text section and the VMA of the section after it (sections are usually contiguous; you can also add the Size to the VMA to get the end address)\&. In this case, the VMA is 0x61001000 and the ending address is either 0x61080000 (start of \&.data method) or 0x6107fa00 (VMA+Size method)\&. .PP There are two basic ways to use SSP \- either profiling a whole program, or selectively profiling parts of the program\&. .PP To profile a whole program, just run \fBssp\fR without options\&. By default, it will step the whole program\&. Here\*(Aqs a simple example, using the numbers above: .sp .if n \{\ .RS 4 .\} .nf $ ssp 0x61001000 0x61080000 hello\&.exe .fi .if n \{\ .RE .\} .sp This will step the whole program\&. It will take at least 8 minutes on a PII/300 (yes, really)\&. When it\*(Aqs done, it will create a file called "gmon\&.out"\&. You can turn this data file into a readable report with \fBgprof\fR: .sp .if n \{\ .RS 4 .\} .nf $ gprof \-b cygwin1\&.dll .fi .if n \{\ .RE .\} .sp The "\-b" means \*(Aqskip the help pages\*(Aq\&. You can omit this until you\*(Aqre familiar with the report layout\&. The \fBgprof\fR documentation explains a lot about this report, but \fBssp\fR changes a few things\&. For example, the first part of the report reports the amount of time spent in each function, like this: .sp .if n \{\ .RS 4 .\} .nf Each sample counts as 0\&.01 seconds\&. % cumulative self self total time seconds seconds calls ms/call ms/call name 10\&.02 231\&.22 72\&.43 46 1574\&.57 1574\&.57 strcspn 7\&.95 288\&.70 57\&.48 130 442\&.15 442\&.15 strncasematch .fi .if n \{\ .RE .\} .sp The "seconds" columns are really CPU opcodes, 1/100 second per opcode\&. So, "231\&.22" above means 23,122 opcodes\&. The ms/call values are 10x too big; 1574\&.57 means 157\&.457 opcodes per call\&. Similar adjustments need to be made for the "self" and "children" columns in the second part of the report\&. .PP OK, so now we\*(Aqve got a huge report that took a long time to generate, and we\*(Aqve identified a spot we want to work on optimizing\&. Let\*(Aqs say it\*(Aqs the time() function\&. We can use SSP to selectively profile this function by using OutputDebugString() to control SSP from within the program\&. Here\*(Aqs a sample program: .sp .if n \{\ .RS 4 .\} .nf #include main() { time_t t; OutputDebugString("ssp on"); time(&t); OutputDebugString("ssp off"); } .fi .if n \{\ .RE .\} .PP Then, add the \-d option to ssp to default to *disabling* profiling\&. The program will run at full speed until the first OutputDebugString, then step until the second\&. You can then use \fBgprof\fR (as usual) to see the performance profile for just that portion of the program\*(Aqs execution\&. .PP There are many options to ssp\&. Since step\-profiling makes your program run about 1,000 times slower than normal, it\*(Aqs best to understand all the options so that you can narrow down the parts of your program you need to single\-step\&. .PP \-v \- verbose\&. This prints messages about threads starting and stopping, OutputDebugString calls, DLLs loading, etc\&. .PP \-t and \-c \- tracing\&. With \-t, *every* step\*(Aqs address is written to the file "trace\&.ssp"\&. This can be used to help debug functions, since it can trace multiple threads\&. Clever use of scripts can match addresses with disassembled opcodes if needed\&. Warning: creates *huge* files, very quickly\&. \-c prints each address to the console, useful for debugging key chunks of assembler\&. Use addr2line \-C \-f \-s \-e foo\&.exe < trace\&.ssp > lines\&.ssp and then perl cvttrace to convert to symbolic traces\&. .PP \-s \- subthreads\&. Usually, you only need to trace the main thread, but sometimes you need to trace all threads, so this enables that\&. It\*(Aqs also needed when you want to profile a function that only a subthread calls\&. However, using OutputDebugString automatically enables profiling on the thread that called it, not the main thread\&. .PP \-l \- dll profiling\&. Generates a pretty table of how much time was spent in each dll the program used\&. No sense optimizing a function in your program if most of the time is spent in the DLL\&. I usually use the \-v, \-s, and \-l options: .sp .if n \{\ .RS 4 .\} .nf $ ssp \-v \-s \-l \-d 0x61001000 0x61080000 hello\&.exe .fi .if n \{\ .RE .\} .sp .SH "AUTHOR" .PP \fBDJ Delorie\fR .RS 4 Original Author .RE .SH "COPYRIGHT" .br